A Cause for Concern
Cervical cancer is a significant global health issue, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. It is the fourth most common cancer and cause of cancer deaths in women, with 604,127 cases and 314,831 deaths in 2020. In Malaysia, the age-standardised rate is 6.2 per 100,000 females, making it the third most common cancer among women. If proactive measures are not implemented, the number of new cases and deaths is projected to increase by 64% and 87%, respectively.
Understanding Cervical Cancer and Its Risks
Cervical cancer originates in the cells lining the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). You can get HPV from any kind of skin-to-skin contact of the genital area. Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and engaging in sexual activity at a young age.
Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
The symptoms of cervical cancer can vary among individuals, and some patients may only exhibit symptoms in the later stages of the disease. However, there are common symptoms that should not be ignored, including:
Seek immediate medical attention if you or someone you know are experiencing these symptoms.
The Role of Cervical Cancer Screening
Cervical cancer screening is designed to detect pre-cancerous changes in cervical cells and early-stage cancer when treatment is most effective. There are two primary screening tests: the Pap smear (to detect abnormal cervical cells) and the HPV test (to detect pre-cancerous cells). Both tests involve collecting cells from the cervix, but the process is straightforward and quick.
Screening Guidelines
The Malaysian guidelines (2023) for cervical screening:
Benefits of Regular Screening
Regular cervical cancer screening has several significant benefits:
The Role of HPV vaccination
HPV vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which can lead to several cancers, including cervical, anal, and throat cancers, as well as genital warts. By vaccinating individuals, particularly before they become sexually active, the vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of these HPV-related conditions. It helps in controlling the spread of HPV and contributes to overall public health by reducing cancer rates and healthcare costs associated with HPV-related diseases.
Many countries, including Malaysia, have integrated HPV vaccination into their national programs to prevent cervical cancer. Since 2010, Malaysia's program has shown a 91% decrease in prevalence of HPV 16/18 strains among women aged 18-24, demonstrating early success in reducing cervical cancer burden through vaccination.
In a Nutshell
Cervical cancer screening is a vital aspect of women's healthcare. By adhering to recommended screening guidelines and ensuring regular check-ups, women can significantly reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in educating women about the importance of screening, vaccination and making these services accessible to all.
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